By Antonio Biella

Freemasonry as a practice is steeped in both empirical
philosophy and esoteric mysticism, which represent two sides
of the same coin. The empirical aspect relies on the observation
of phenomena that are measurable and predictable – in essence,
it is the realm of science and all that can be discovered about
the world and ourselves through it (Hume, 1739; Locke, 1690).
On the other hand, the esoteric aspect of Freemasonry
incorporates mystical and spiritual teachings that transcend the
observable and measurable, exploring reality’s underlying
dimensions and the human journey towards self-discovery
(Pike, 1871).
The importance of the interdependence between the empirical
and esoteric cannot be overstated. Each informs and deepens
the other, and therefore they remain incomplete without each
other. This interplay is reflected in the three degrees of
Freemasonry: Entered Apprentice (dealing with the physical
and empirical), Fellow Craft (addressing the mind and its
intellectual capacity), and Master Mason (exploring the spiritual
or esoteric realm) (Hodapp, 2013). According to Jung (1959),
the intertwining between empirical and esoteric forms a critical
part of the human quest for self-realisation and understanding.
The theories put forth by both Parfit (1984) and Locke (1689)
explore this confluence. Parfit’s (1984) psychological continuity
theory bridges the empirical and esoteric by emphasising that
though our identity exists over time, it is not strictly tied to our
body or even to an unchanging self. Locke (1689) adds that
personal identity goes deeper into our consciousness, our
actions, experiences, and memory.
However, both empirical observation and esoteric
understanding are intrinsic to these theories’ implementation.
Masonic rituals and degrees use physical rituals (empirically
recognisable) as a conduit for conveying deeper spiritual or
esoteric wisdom (Hodapp, 2013). This practice reconnects with
the idea that we, as individuals, are not solely defined by our
physical forms or even our tangible souls but by our
consciousness (Locke, 1689).

In supposition, both the empirical and the esoteric are critical to
understanding and experiencing Freemasonry and its objective
of making ‘better men.’ They provide a balanced approach that
embraces both observable phenomena and the spiritual
mysteries of existence, reflecting the holistic nature of human
identity and self-realisation.
Freemasonry’s three degrees – Entered Apprentice, Fellow
Craft, and Master Mason – are a progressive series of initiations
that educate individuals on morality, empathy, and enlightened
thinking. These rites are metaphoric enactments of allegorical
wisdom filled with Masonic symbols and rituals that ultimately
guide a man to self-realisation. Initiation into each degree can
be seen as a stage of self-discovery, playing out the similar
steps of transformation found in spiritual and philosophical
teachings around the world.
Parfit’s theory of identity aligns with Locke, suggesting that
personal identity is not tied to the body or even to the soul, but
rather to psychological continuity. Furthermore, it establishes
the idea that our communications, actions, and behaviours
shape who we are. His theory, like Locke’s, illustrates that
identity is not fixed and allows space for transformation and
growth, much like the initiation and progression through
Masonic degrees.
Despite criticism from thinkers like Thomas Reid, who disputed
Locke’s views, claiming that memory alone could not dictate
personal identity, Locke’s ideas remain intuitive and logical.
Churchill once said, “The farther backward you can look, the
farther forward you are likely to see,” and so it is with Locke’s
memory assertion. For the Mason, this past informs the present
and inspires his future actions and personal growth.
If we look at Locke’s principle in action and apply it to the
Masonic three degrees, the process of a Mason becoming a
better man becomes logical. As the Mason proceeds through the
degrees, he learns and retains knowledge, improving upon his
previous self. The man’s identity is not found in his physical
form or intangible soul, but in his experiences and memory. As
he progresses, his past experiences and understanding guide
him in his actions and decisions, thereby helping him become a
‘better man.’ This growth and transformation are empirical
evidence that supports Locke’s theory, demonstrating that a

purely empiricist approach is incomplete without considering
the spiritual and esoteric aspects.
The Masonic degrees are a journey of self-discovery and self-improvement backed by esoteric teachings and wisdom. The
cumulative knowledge and experiences gleaned from this
journey become imprinted on the person’s consciousness,
marking his identity and growth. The man who emerges is a
better version of himself, one who is not defined by his physical
form or soul but by a greater understanding and consciousness
shaped by experiences and moulded by wisdom.

To sum up, the answer to the question of becoming a better man
lies not in the empirical alone but in combining it with the
spiritual and mystical. The theories of Parfit and Locke bear a
strong correlation with the journey of a Mason through the
degrees, further validating this principle. They provide the
philosophical underpinning that empowers the Masonic journey
of self-improvement. They tell us that we are defined by our
memories and consciousness, which can be moulded and
shaped over time through learning and experience – the very
essence of Freemasonry’s degrees.

References:
Hodapp, C. (2013). Freemasons for Dummies. John Wiley &
Sons.
Hume, D. (1739). A Treatise of Human Nature.
Jung, C.G. (1959). Aion: Researches into the Phenomenology
of the Self.
Locke, J. (1689). An Essay Concerning Human Understanding.
Parfit, D. (1984). Reasons and Persons. Clarendon Press.
Pike, A. (1871). Morals and Dogma of the Ancient and
Accepted Scottish Rite of Freemasonry. Supreme Council of the
Southern Jurisdiction, A. A. Scottish Rite.

Antonio Biella is a researcher and scholar with a keen interest in Freemasonry and its spiritual foundations. He has delved into the intricate world of Freemasonry, examining its historical context, rituals, and philosophical underpinnings.
His research explores the spiritual aspects of Freemasonry, including its connection to esoteric beliefs and the immortality of the soul.

Academic Papers:
“An Exposition on Freemasonic Endeavour: A Journey Towards Mystical Consciousness”: In this paper, Biella discusses Freemasonry’s core beliefs and their impact on individual and social growth. He emphasizes truth, wisdom, and virtue as central tenets within the Masonic tradition

“Illuminated Paths: Understanding Enlightenment from a Freemason’s Perspective”: Biella explores the pursuit of enlightenment across different cultural and historical contexts. He examines how Freemasonry intersects with this quest for higher knowledge

“Transcending Boundaries: An Exploration of Empirical and Esoteric Knowledge”: This paper delves into the intertwined nature of empirical and esoteric knowledge within Freemasonry. Biella highlights the foundational aspects that shape Masonic understanding

The Concept of the Great Architect of the Universe:
Across diverse cultural and religious perspectives, the conceptualization of the Divine—particularly as the grand engineer or architect of the cosmos—is an intriguing topic. Biella has explored this theme, adding depth to our understanding of spirituality and creation

Interplay of Mind Over Matter in Ancient Gnosticism:
Biella interweaves Gnostic notions with elements of Masonic academia. His discussion centers on the quintessential role of willpower and its application in the context of “mind over matter.” This exploration enhances our understanding of self and the universe

Antonio Biella’s scholarly contributions enrich our understanding of Freemasonry, spirituality, and the pursuit of knowledge.